A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move — fluid and mosaic-like.
Water moves dilute to concentrated — a potato swells in plain water, shrinks in salt solution.
Contains chromatin; the nucleolus makes ribosomal parts.
Sites of protein synthesis, free or attached to the ER.
Rough ER makes proteins; smooth ER makes lipids and hormones.
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins — the cell's post office.
Enzyme sacs that break down waste — the clean-up crew.
Site of respiration, producing ATP — the powerhouse of the cell.
Chloroplasts (photosynthesis), chromoplasts (colour), and leucoplasts (starch storage).
A large central vacuole stores cell sap, keeping the cell firm — a wilted plant has lost this water.
No true nucleus — genetic material sits in a nucleoid, typically 1–10 µm.
A well-defined nucleus and organelles, typically 10–100 µm.
One cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells.
One cell divides into 4 gametes with half the chromosomes, restored again at fertilisation.
All living things are made of cells, and every cell comes from a pre-existing cell.
Cancer cells lose contact inhibition and divide uncontrollably, forming tumours.
Water moving across a membrane, dilute to concentrated.
Rigid outer covering in plant, fungal, bacterial cells.
Controls the cell; holds genetic material.
The cell's powerhouse; site of respiration.
No true nucleus / has a true nucleus.
Division into 2 identical daughter cells.
Division into 4 gametes, half chromosomes.
Stops cell division once cells touch neighbours.